Chapter 10: Social Psychology: How Do We Understand and Interact with Others?
- Attitudes:
- Attitudes are evaluative beliefs that contain affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
- Attitudes develop through the learning process
- Dissonance results from a lack of cognitive consistency; it motivates us to change either our attitudes or our behaviors.
- Persuasion occurs when someone makes a direct attempt to change our attitudes.
- Typically, people are easier to persuade when they are processing on the peripheral route rather than the central route.
- Forming Impressions
- When forming impressions of others, we make trait or situational attributions when we assign cause to their behavior.
- The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overuse trait explanations during attributions.
- Prejudice
- Prejudices are negatively biased stereotypes that are applied to all members of a social group.
- Prejudices are learned.
- Attraction
- Some factors include proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness, and biochemicals.
- Groups
- Conformity is the tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with the norms or expectations of a group.
- In normative conformity, we conform to avoid breaking social norms.
- Social facilitation occurs when we perform better in the presence of others.
- Aggression
- Instrumental aggression is goal-directed.
- Hostile aggression is aimed at hurting others.
- Potential causes include: high levels of testosterone, lack of serotonin, brain damage, observational learning, or modeling.
- Requests and Demands
- Compliance is giving in to a simple request.
- Foot in the door - probably going to accept a larger request after accepting a smaller request
- Door in the face - probably going to accept a smaller request after denying a larger request
- Reciprocity - feeling that we should return others' favors
- Obedience is giving in to a demand.
- Factors include: presence of authority figure, foot-in-the-door, psychological distance.
- Prosocial Behavior
- Helping behavior is the tendency to help others with little concern of own gain
- Factors that could affect this:
- Bystander effect
- Pluralistic ignorance
Chapter 11: Health, Stress, and Coping: How Can You Create a Healthy Life?
- Stress
- Stress is any event or environmental stimulus that we respond to because we perceive it as challenging or threatening.
- Catastrophes and significant life events are major stressors. Daily hassles are less serious, but can have a negative effect on health.
- The Stress Response
- Our body responds to stress in a three-phase general adaption syndrome:
- The Alarm Reaction (Body responses)
- Resistance Stage (Body continues to ope, bodily reactions are less intense)
- Exhaustion Phase (Wear and tear on the body)
- Coping with Stress
- Coping is how we manage a threatening event or stimulus.
- Problem-focused coping controls or alters the environment that caused the stress.
- Emotion-focused controls out internal, subjective, emotional responses to stress.
- Personality and Stress
- Type-A personality: aggressive, competitive, driven to achieve.
- Type-B personality: relaxed, easygoing, patient, and flexible
- Type-C Personality: careful and patient, suppresses negative emotions
- Hardy personality: resistant to stress
- Behaviors and Well-Being
- Health-defeating behaviors increase the chance of illness, disease, or death.
- Health-promoting behaviors decrease the chance of illness, disease, or death.
Woo-hoo! Almost done with the class! Got my final project done and really focused on finishing strong! :) I've really enjoyed psychology though; it helped me narrow down my interests. Chapter 12 next week! ...Also, I'm really paranoid that I've done these blogs all wrong, and I'm nervous about my grade in this class. Hopefully all goes well! I'm getting super busy, so maybe I'm just stressed out.
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| Feels like me this week. :/ :) |
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